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| GENERIC DRUGS |
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Antiepileptic, Antidiabetic, Antianginal, Antifungal
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An antiepileptic drug is medication used to treat epilepsy. |
Epilepsy is a condition where people have epileptic seizures (also known as fits, attacks, turns or convulsions). A seizure happens when there is a sudden disturbance in the way the nerve cells in the brain work. Seizures are usually short, lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes. There are many different types of epileptic seizures: |
There are two main groups of epileptic seizures – · generalised and· partial seizures. |
Generalised seizures: These involve the whole brain and the person loses consciousness. There are several types and some of the most common are described below: |
- Tonic-clonic (used to be called grand mal) seizures:
First the muscles stiffen and the person, if standing, may fall. This is the tonic phase. The muscles then relax and tighten, causing the persons body to twitch. This is the clonic phase. - Myoclonic seizures: These usually happen in the morning shortly after a person has woken up. The muscles of the arms or legs begin to twitch.
- Absence (used to be called petit mal) seizures: The person briefly loses consciousness, is not aware of what is happening and may appear to be daydreaming.
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| Partial seizures: These start off in one part of the brain but can spread to involve the whole brain. They can be either simple or complex. |
- Simple partial seizures: These do not affect consciousness. Parts of the body may begin to twitch, a persons sense of hearing or sight may change and a person may feel sick or afraid. These feelings are called auras if they develop into another type of seizure.
- Complex partial seizures (sometimes called temporal lobe epilepsy): These do affect awareness. The person cannot remember what happened and may have a number of strange feelings. For example, a person may feel that time is passing very quickly or very slowly. A person may also be seen to smack their lips, fiddle with their clothes, wander about or speak strangely.
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Antiepileptic drugs decrease membrane excitability, increase postsynaptic inhibition or alter synchronization of neural networks to decrease excessive neuronal excitability associated with seizure development. |
| decreasing neuronal excitability, however, are slowed motor and psychomotor speed, poorer attention and mild memory impairment . Unlike adults, cognitive side effects in children occur against the backdrop of normal cognitive and psychosocial development, and treatment decisions made in childhood may have lifelong implications. Adults who developed epilepsy during their childhood tend to have less education, decreased rates of employment and employment at lower job levels, lower rates of marriage, poorer physical health, and increased incidence of psychiatric disorders. |
Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. |
Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type1 is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Insulin must be used in Type I, which must be injected or inhaled. |
| Diabetes mellitus types 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Treatments include: (1) agents which increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, (2) agents which increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, and (3) agents which decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. |
An antianginal is any drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, a symptom of ischaemic heart disease.Angina pectoris is chest pain triggered by exertion. Angina pectoris occurs when the heart needs more oxygenated blood to adequately increase the heart rate. Several drugs may be prescribed to prevent the pain of angina. Angina pectoris is usually the first clinical sign of underlying myocardial ischemia, which results from an imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand in the heart. This report describes the pharmacology of β-adrenoceptor antagonists as it relates to the treatment of angina. The β-adrenoceptor antagonists are widely used in long-term maintenance therapy to prevent acute ischemic episodes in patients with chronic stable angina. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists competitively inhibit the binding of endogenous catecholamines to β1-adrenoceptors in the heart. Their anti-ischemic effects are due primarily to a reduction in myocardial oxygen demand. By decreasing heart rate, myocardial contractility and afterload, β-adrenoceptor antagonists reduce myocardial workload and oxygen consumption at rest as well as during periods of exertion or stress. Predictable adverse effects include bradycardia and cardiac depression, both of which are a direct result of the blockade of cardiac β1-adrenoceptors, but adverse effects related to the central nervous system (eg, lethargy, sleep disturbances, and depression) may also be bothersome to some patients. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists must be used cautiously in patients with diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, and asthma or other obstructive airway diseases. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists may be used in combination with nitrates or calcium channel blockers, which takes advantage of the diverse mechanisms of action of drugs from each pharmacologic category. Moreover, concurrent use of β-adrenoceptor antagonists may alleviate the reflex tachycardia that sometimes occurs with other antianginal agents. Systemic Anti-Fungal Drugs are medicines taken by mouth or by injection to treat infections caused by a fungus.
Purpose
Systemic Anti-Fungal Drugs are used to treat infections in various parts of the body that are caused by a fungus. A fungus is a one-celled form of life. Unlike a plant, which makes its own food, or an animal, which eats plants or other animals, a fungus survives by invading and living off other living things. Fungi thrive in moist, dark places, including some parts of the body. |
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