Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Insulin must be used in Type I, which must be injected or inhaled. |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Treatments include (1) agents which increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, (2) agents which increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, and (3) agents which decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. |
Hypolipidemic agents, or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of hyperlipidemias. They are called lipid-lowering drugs (LLD) or agents. Classes of hypolipidemic drugs |
There are several classes of hypolipidemic drugs. They may differ in both their impact on the cholesterol profile and adverse effects. For example, some may lower the "bad cholesterol" low density lipoprotein (LDL) more so than others, while others may preferentially increase high density lipoprotein (HDL), "the good cholesterol". Proton pump inhibitors (or "PPI"s) are a group of drugs whose main action is pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available today. The group followed and has largely superseded another group of pharmaceuticals with similar effects, but different mode-of-action, called H2-receptor antagonists. Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the H+/K+ ATPase, or more commonly just gastric proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell. The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly responsible for secreting H+ ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal target for inhibiting acid secretion.
· Cough · Rash · Blurry vision · Flu like symptoms · Muscle and joint pains · In some vulnerable patients, it can lead to some liver dysfunction |
Some less common that may occur in between 1 in 20 and 1 in 100 people: |
| The B-complex vitamins are actually a group of eight vitamins, which include: |
| These vitamins are essential for: |
| a) General Plant sources of the vitamins of B-complex are pulses, rice processed by husking-pedal, nut, carrot, germinated seeds, yeast, gram, pea pods, Soya beans, leafy vegetables etc. b) General Animal sources of vitamins of B-complex are eggs, milk, meat, goat liver, fishes etc. |
3) Main functions of Vitamin-B complex are: |
| a). Vitamin B1 : Co-enzyme in cellular respiration.b). Vitamin B2: Helps in cellular respirationc). Lipoic acid: Normal growthd). Vitamin B3: Helps in growth and nutritione). Vitamin B6: Synthesis of Haemoglobin, metabolism of protein. |
f)Vitamin B12: Formation of blood cells, synthesis of nucleic acids, regulation of nerve activity, and controlling of | normal growth of body. g). Vitamin-H: Normal growth.g). PABA: Not properly known.h). Inositol: Not properly known.i). Choline: Not properly known.j). Vitamin B4: Helps in the growth of pigeon.k). Vitamin B5: Helps in the growth of pigeon.4) Deficiency diseases/symtoms: |
| Vitamin | Name | Deficiency effects | | Vitamin B1 | thiamine | Deficiency causes beriberi. Symptoms of this disease of the nervous system include weight loss, emotional disturbances, Wernickes encephalopathy (impaired sensory perception), weakness and pain in the limbs, periods of irregular heartbeat, and edema (swelling of bodily tissues). Heart failure and death may occur in advanced cases. Chronic thiamine deficiency can also cause Korsakoffs syndrome, an irreversible psychosis characterized by amnesia and confabulation. | | Vitamin B2 | riboflavin | Deficiency causes ariboflavinosis. Symptoms may include cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight, angular cheilitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), seborrheic dermatitis or pseudo-syphilis (particularly affecting the scrotum or labia majora and the mouth), pharyngitis, hyperemia, and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa. | | Vitamin B3 | niacin | Deficiency, along with a deficiency of tryptophan causes pellagra. Symptoms include aggression, dermatitis, insomnia, weakness, mental confusion, and diarrhea. In advanced cases, pellagra may lead to dementia and death. | | Vitamin B5 | pantothenic acid | Deficiency can result in acne and paresthesia, although it is uncommon. | | Vitamin B6 | pyridoxine | Deficiency may lead to anemia, depression, dermatitis, high blood pressure (hypertension), water retention, and elevated levels of homocysteine. | | Vitamin B7 | biotin | Deficiency does not typically cause symptoms in adults but may lead to impaired growth and neurological disorders in infants. | | Vitamin B11 | folic acid | Deficiency results in a macrocytic anemia, and elevated levels of homocysteine. Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects. Supplementation is often recommended during pregnancy. Researchers have shown that folic acid might also slow the insidious effects of age on the brain. | | Vitamin B12 | cobalamin | Deficiency causes macrocytic anemia, elevated homocysteine, peripheral neuropathy, memory loss and other cognitive deficits. It is most likely to occur among elderly people as absorption through the gut declines with age; the autoimmune disease pernicious anemia is another common cause. It can also cause symptoms of mania and psychosis. In rare extreme cases, paralysis can result. |
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