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Antibiotic, Antibacterial, Penicellin,

ANTIBIOTIC:An antibiotic is a chemical substance that either stops the growth or kills bacteria. Bacteria are living organisms. Millions of them are in the air we breathe, in the food we eat and on the surfaces we touch However, there are good bacteria and bad bacteria. Some of the foods we eat, for example, like cheese, yogurt and beer, contain bacteria that do not harm us.Harmful or foreign bacteria find the human body the perfect host because its warm and provides constant nutrition. These bacteria cause infections when they enter the body.
Use: Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These kinds of infections are called bacterial infections. However, antibiotics will not cure colds or flu which are caused by viruses. These infections are called viral infections and the symptoms include runny nose, watery eyes, dry cough, sore throat, chills, aches and pains.
Side Effects:
Antibiotics may have side effects. Some of the more common side effects may include: Soft stools or diarrhea Mild stomach upset Vomiting Severe watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps Allergic reaction (shortness of breath, hives, swelling of your lips, face, or tongue, fainting) Vaginal itching or discharge White patches on your tongue

ANTIBACTERIAL:
Antibacterial - any drug that destroys bacteria or inhibits their growth Antibacterial: Anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or their ability to reproduce. Heat, chemicals such as chlorine, and antibiotic drugs all have antibacterial properties. Many antibacterial products for cleaning and handwashing are sold today. Such products do not reduce the risk for symptoms of viral infectious diseases in otherwise healthy persons. This does not preclude the potential contribution of antibacterial products to reducing symptoms of bacterial diseases in the home.Antibacterials act only on bacteria and interfere the growth conditions of bacteria to inhibit its development. Antimicrobial is a term given to any type of chemical compound that can aid in the death or suppress the growth of microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, mycoplasma, etc). Antimicrobial compounds work by damaging the machinery inside of cells that is required to keep them functioning. The actions of antimicrobials do not always kill all the microorganisms found in the environment that they are being used. Some microorganisms can possess DNA or genes that carry the information necessary to destroy, and/or inactivate the action of antimicrobials. The DNA in bacteria capable of inactivating antimicrobials is normally present in only a very small percentage of the total bacterial population. When antimicrobials are introduced into an environment, bacteria that do not possess the DNA necessary to inactivate the antimicrobial compounds are killed.

USE:
In addition to the treatment of sick animals to fight infections, antimicrobials are also used at sub therapeutic levels to prophylactally prevent infections and at sub therapeutic levels as feed additives to promote growth and weight gain by increasing feed utilization. This is a practiced in the fish, cattle and poultry industries.
Mechanism of Action:Antibacterial action generally falls within one of four mechanisms, three of which involve the inhibition or regulation of enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, nucleic acid metabolism and repair, or protein synthesis, respectively. The fourth mechanism involves the disruption of membrane structure. Many of these cellular functions targeted by antibiotics are most active in multiplying cells. Since there is often overlap in these functions between prokaryotic bacterial cells and eukaryotic mammalian cells, it is not surprising that some antibiotics have also been found to be useful as anticancer agents.

PENICILLIN: Penicillin is one of the earliest discovered and widely used antibiotic agents, derived from the Penicillium mold.

Use:
Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN or pen) is a group of Beta-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. “Penicillin” is also the informal name of a specific member of the penicillin group Penam Skeleton, which has the molecular formula R-C₉H₁₁N₂O₄S, where R is a variable side chain.

Side Effects:
·          difficulty breathing;·          swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
diarrhea that is watery or bloody;
fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms;
easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness;
urinating less than usual or not at all;
severe skin rash, itching, or peeling;
agitation, confusion, unusual thoughts or behavior; or
seizure (black-out or convulsions).

Less serious side effects:
·          nausea, vomiting, stomach pain;·          vaginal itching or discharge;headache;·          swollen, black, or "hairy" tongue; or·          thrush (white patches or inside your mouth or throat).
Mechanism of action:β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall. The β-lactam moiety (functional group) of penicillin binds to the enzyme that links the peptidoglycan molecules in bacteria, which weakens the cell wall of the bacterium. In addition, the build-up of peptidoglycan precursors triggers the activation of bacterial cell wall hydrolases and autolysins, which further digest the bacterias existing peptidoglycan.Gram-positive bacteria are called protoplasts when they lose their cell wall. Gram-negative bacteria do not lose their cell wall completely and are called spheroplasts after treatment with penicillin.Penicillin shows a synergistic effect with aminoglycosides, since the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis allows aminoglycosides to penetrate the bacterial cell wall more easily, allowing its disruption of bacterial protein synthesis within the cell.